Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Agronomy, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol,Iran
2
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
4
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
5
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazıg 23119, Turkey
6
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
7
Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
8
Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
9
School of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Perth, Australia.
10
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
Abstract
Plant growth and development are hindered by salinity stress, which poses a serious threat to crops. The substantial influence this environmental problem has on different phases of plant growth, including photosynthesis, mineral absorption, seed germination, and finally grain formation and yield, is one noteworthy feature of the problem. Numerous factors, including inhibition of biological proccess, enzyme activity, hormonal balance, and the use of seed reserves, are influenced by salt stress on seed germination. This review emphasizes the need for focused mitigation strategies by highlighting growth salt stress's various effects on different plant growth stages. Furthermore, the review examines the impact of salt stress on grain development and yield, demonstrating that exposure during the reproductive stage reduces grain filling, fertility, and total seed yield. In addition, several new approaches have been discussed, such as using plant growth regulators from outside the plant to lower salinity stress, genetic engineering, rhizobacteria that help plants grow, and nanotechnology.
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