National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Evaluation of Some Sunflower Genotypes under Drought Condition in Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil1211399610.21608/agro.2012.96ENJournal Article20120614<span style="font-family: '','serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">WATER stress is one of the severe limitations of crop growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world as it has a vital role in plant growth and development at all growth stages. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the response of twelve sunflower genotypes to three levels of water supply to identify the more suitable one for drought condition. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate twelve diverse sunflower genotypes grown under adequate (3000 m<sup>3</sup>), moderate (2000 m<sup>3</sup>) and severe (1000 m<sup>3</sup>) water regime for chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, leaf water content, plant height, head diameter, seeds/head, 1000-seed weight, seed and oil yield. Moderate and severe water regimes had a significant impact on transpiration<br />rate, leaf water content, yield contributing characters and oil yield of all sunflower genotypes. However sunflower genotypes showed different response to the different water regimes. The highest seed and oil yields were attained in L990 and Giza 102 under adequate water supply, while L38 was the best under moderate and severe water regime.On the basis of the obtained results, sunflower genotype L990 could be recommended to grow under adequate water supply, while L38 for the moderate and severe water regimes. </span>https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_96_a5d127583ddad0a173beace873c53c9a.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Some Stability Parameters in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Genotypes at Various Environments1411539710.21608/agro.2012.97ENJournal Article20120614<strong>Y</strong> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />IELD stability is one of the most important needs in sustainable agriculture. The ideal sunflower(<em>Helianthus annuus</em> L.) genotype would produce high yields when water supply is abundant and should have only small reduction in yields under water stress condition. The use of methods that integrate yield performance and stability to select superior genotypes becomes prerequisite.Phenotypic, genotypic and AMMI stability parameters were computed for seed yield and oil content of twelve sunflower genotypes under six diverse applications (the combination between three water regimes and two seasons). Phenotypic stability parameters indicated that the most desired and stable sunflower genotypes were L20, L235 and L460 for seed yield/fed as well as L20, L350, Giza 102 and Sakha 53 for seed oil content (%). Genotypic stability estimates revealed that the most average stable genotypes were L20 for seed yield (t/fed) and L350, L770, Giza 102 and Sakha 53 for seed oil content (%). According, to AMMI stability, the most stable sunflower genotype was L20, L235 and L460 for seed yield (t/fed) as well as L235, L350 and Giza 102 for seed oil content.Strong agreement was found between Eberhart and Russell, Tai and AMMI statistics for measuring stability parameters for seed yield (t/fed) and seed oil content (%) in almost sunflower genotypes.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_97_c0e280028f0ecf9a97f0e803671229c6.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Estimation of The Combining Ability for Some New White Maize Inbred Lines under Different Environmental Conditions1551779810.21608/agro.2012.98ENJournal Article20120729THE MAIN objectives of the present study was to estimate the combining ability for some new white maize inbred lines under different environmental conditions and evaluation the 21 F<sub>1</sub> crosses come from this study under two plant densities (D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub>) at two locations (L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub>). Obtained results could be summarized as follows:
The non-additive genetic effects was more important than additive genetic effects in the inheritance of this traits; grain yield at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>2</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>2</sub> and combined data, days to 50% silking at all environments and combined data, ear height at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>2</sub> and 100-kernel weight at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>1.</sub>
The additive gene effects were most responsible for controlling the inheritance of this traits; for grain yield at L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>1</sub>, plant height under all environments and combined data, ear height at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>2</sub> and combined data and 100-kernel weight at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>2</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>2</sub> and combined data.
The inbred lines; P<sub>1</sub> at L<sub>2</sub>D<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>4</sub> at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>2 </sub>and P<sub>7</sub> at L<sub>1</sub>D<sub>2</sub> had positive and significant GCA effects for grain yield.
The single crosses; (P<sub>1</sub>xP <sub>4</sub>), (P<sub>2</sub> x P<sub>6</sub>), (P<sub>2</sub> x P<sub>7</sub>), (P<sub>4 </sub>x P<sub>7</sub>) and (P<sub>5</sub> x P<sub>7</sub>) were the best crosses for superiority relative to SC10 for grain yield.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_98_442dccdb937bd09c175adfb3a75aa4db.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Growth Response of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium Conjugated with Rhizobacteria under Different Levels of Organic Fertilization on Sandy Soil1792009910.21608/agro.2012.99ENJournal Article20160218TWO FIELD experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of the Higher Institute for Agriculture Co-Operation during 2008 and 2009 to study the response of peanut to inoculation with <em>Bradyrhizobium </em>either individually or in combination with PGPR (<em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">)</span> under different levels of organic compost. <br />Regarding the response to inoculation with bacteria, results showed that there were significant increases in all peanut vegetative traits , due to inoculation with any tested bacterial strain. However, using the mixture strains (<em>Bradyrhizobium</em> + <em>Pseudomona</em>s <em>fluorescens</em>), surpassed other inoculated or uninoculated treatments . <br />The response of groundnut vegetative growth, to increasing the rate of organic fertilizer was significant. Using higher rate of compost 15-ton/fed (1 hectare = 2.4 feddan) showed higher values of all tested traits under the investigation in both seasons. <br />Spraying groundnut plants with humex significantly increased all tested traits under investigation compared with the non-sprayed plants in both seasons. <br />The effect of the first order interactions, <em>i.e.</em> compost x humex, compost x biofertilizers, biofertilizers x humex as well as the effect of the second order interaction (compost x humex x biofertilizers) on all studied traits of groundnut growth, were significant.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_99_bdc1003a6e05897757d628507ece9ad8.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Strategies and Methodologies of Improving Rice Varieties in Egypt20121110010.21608/agro.2012.100ENJournal Article20121003IN THE EXPERIMENTAL Farm of the Rice Research and TrainingCenter (RRTC), Sakha, Kafer elshiekh, Egypt, during the period from 2005 to 2011rice growing seasons. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate some Delta-Med materials under Egyptian conditions and develop a new rice lines using a crosses between 7 Egyptian varieties (Giza 177, Giza 178, Sakha 101, Sakha 102, Sakha103, Sakha 104 and Giza 182) and 7Spain varieties (Bala, Susan, Bahia, Bomba, Montsianejj, Senia and Tebre) to enhance the former genotype yielding ability. The results showed that there were significant differences between Egyptian varieties and Delta-Med varieties as well as among each group itself. The Egyptian varieties exceeded the Delta-Med entries in grain yield and its associated traits. For Spanish and Delta-Med genotypes, they were generally low grain yield, shorter duration and higher 1000-grain-weight. With crosses between Egyptian and Spain varieties, the former genotype yielding ability were enhanced along with a specific breeding program to be designed for Spain materials and be evaluated in Spain in the few coming years. The progenies from each cross were advanced under normal conditions with the pedigree method technique. The best selected lines from F6 generation (2010) were promoted to be grown as F7 generation in 2011 season. These lines were found to be resistant to blast disease in addition to possessing useful traits associated with high yielding ability. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was high for all the studied character and genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) showed the same trend as for PCV. Heritability estimates were high for all studied traits. Highly significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficients were determined between grain yield per plant and all yield components studied.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_100_4c111571237bc69b20eadd8825306560.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Path Analysis to Control The Multicollinearity among Yield Components In Maize (Zea mays L.)21322610110.21608/agro.2012.101ENJournal Article20121016<span style="font-family: '','serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A FIELD experiment was carried out at Mallawy Agricultural Research Station, Elmenia Governorate during 2010 and 2011 seasons to evaluate the performace of sixteen <span style="color: black;">maize</span> hybirds (11 single crosses and 5 three way crosses). Also, to use a modified model of path analysis to control the multicollinearity among yield components when studying the relationship between grain yield and its related characters.The experimental design used was randomized complete block with four replications. As a multiple linear regression model, the independence among the explanatory variables is an important assumption to do<br />the path analysis characterized by validity and goodness of fit. But, this assumption is rarely satisfied because there are strong associations among yield components, which called the multicollinearity problems. Therefore, the present investigation introduced and evaluated a modified path analysis model that could deal and correct the negative effects of multicollinearity problem. Results appeared that the tested descriptive statistics for all studied characters were located at the statistically acceptable range.</span><span style="font-family: '','serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;"> Highly significant and positive associations were observed between grain yield (ton ha<sup>-1</sup>) and each of days to 50 % tasseling, and silking, ear height, number of ears plot<sup>-1</sup>, ear length and number of kernels row<sup>-1</sup>. The Highest values of Variance Inflation Factor (VIF above 10) were recorded for most studied characters (7 out of 11 traits) using the coventional path analysis model indicating the presence of multicollinearity. Consequently , the path coefficients were flactuated recording very low values (close to be zero) and other inflated values (above 1). Also, there were some unexpected signs for some path<br />coefficients such as the negative sign of the direct effect for number of kernels row<sup>-1</sup>. The previous negative effects were statistically enough to reject the normal model of path analysis. More accurate results were obtained using the modified model of path analysis because it can overcome the adverse effects of multicollinearity dilemma. The proposed model revealed that<br />the traits of number of ears plot<sup>-1</sup> and ear length exerted the greatest influence directly or indirectly upon grain yield indicating their importance as selection criteria in improvement of maize breeding programs. </span>https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_101_9f176f537aa9dc7931aafc6b641813e6.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Physiological Characteristics, Yield and Yield Attributes of Some New Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars as Affected by Irrigation Regimes under Sprinkler Irrigation System22724710210.21608/agro.2012.102ENJournal Article20121105<strong>T</strong>
WO FIELD experiments were carried out in the Experimental Farm at Ismailia Agricultural Research Station, El-Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during two successive winter seasons (2009/2010 – 2010/2011). The experiments determined the effect of three irrigation regimes (I<sub>1</sub>, I<sub>2</sub> and I<sub>3</sub>) on some new bread wheat cultivars (Giza 168, Sakha 94, Sids 12 and Gemmeiza 11) under sprinkler irrigation system in sandy soils.
Severe water stress was induced by irrigation every three weeks throughout the season (I<sub>3</sub>) using a sprinkler irrigation system in sandy soil conditions. This treatment significantly decreased plant height (55.71 cm), days to 50% heading (84.5 day) and maturity (115.65 day), relative water content ( 41.09%), transpiration rate (105.65 mg H<sub>2</sub>O/g FW/h), number of spikes/m<sup>2 </sup>(220.06), number of grains/ spike (24.57), 1000-grain weight (26.83 g) and grain yield (3.69 ardab/fed) but increased proline content. Lesser reductions were observed for treatments with irrigation every two weeks (I<sub>2</sub>) relative to irrigation every week (I<sub>1</sub>) throughout the season. These effects were present for both seasons and in a combined analysis.
Gemmeiza 11 had the highest plant height (66.66 cm), relative water content (55.38%), and 1000-grain weight (35.2 g). It had a transpiration rate of 132.23 mg H<sub>2</sub>O/g FW/h. Giza 168 had the highest number of spikes/m<sup>2</sup> (263.5) and number of grains/spike (41.03), as well as transpiration rate (134.23 mg H<sub>2</sub>O/g FW/h). Sids 12 had the highest number of spikes/m<sup>2</sup>(263.15) and grain yield (6.33 ardab/fed). Meanwhile, Sakha 94 was latest in heading and maturity, gave the highest proline content (18.53µ moles proline/g FW) and the lowest transpiration rate (121.3 mg H<sub>2</sub>O/g FW/h). Gemmeiza 11 and Giza 168 followed by Sids 12 were tolerant to water stress and Sakha 94 was the most sensitive. Physiological characters, <em>i.e.,</em> relative water content (RWC), transpiration rate and proline content may be playing a role in the tolerance of wheat plants to water deficit. It is suggested that breeders can use these characters as selection criteria for drought tolerance.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_102_1c3706637dc11ca61308a546d63e1098.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Effects of Intra-Interspesific Competitions on Yield and Yield Component of Maize under Different Intercropping Patterns24926510310.21608/agro.2012.103ENJournal Article20121121<span style="font-family: '','serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN">TWO EXPERIMENTS were conducted during the growing summer seasons 2008-2009 at Shandaweel Agric. Res. St., (Upper Egypt) to study the effect of intercropping maize with sorghum, soybean and cowpea on yield and yield components. There were three intercropping crops: A<sub>1 </sub>(maize + sorghum), A<sub>2</sub> (maize+ soybean) and A<sub>3 </sub>(maize + cowpea) in three intercropping patterns P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>2</sub> and P<sub>3 </sub>(2:2, 2:4 and 4:4), respectively. The experiments were established as split plots intercropped in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results show significantly higher values of yield and yield<br />components were recorded by the maize + soybean intercrop followed by the maize + cowpea intercrop in both seasons. The yield and yield components of intercropped crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea) were decreased as compared<br />with solid. The reduction in yield and yield components of this crops due to the shading of maize plants, that results in decrease interception of solar radiation from top of maize crop to top of intercropped crops (soybean and cowpea). The reductions in light intensity of the treatments maize + soybean and maize + cowpea intercrops were 39 and 38% in the combined of the two<br />seasons as compared with solid planting. The highest of yield and yield components were recorded by 2:4 pattern (P<sub>2</sub>) compared with the other patterns (2:2 and 4:4) due to light interception that was greater in 2:4. The reduction in yield were 51,44 and 52% for maize 61,43 and 59% for sorghum, 60,33 and 60% for soybean and 53.33 and 58% for cowpea in 2:2, 2:4 and 4:4<br />patterns compared with solid in both seasons, respectively. The total land equivalent ratio (LER) value was (1.22) when intercropped with soybean or cowpea. A similar trend to that of the LER was observed for relative crowding coefficient (Rcc), aggressivity (Agg) and competition ratio (CR). The highest values of monetary advantage index (MAI) (1044.46) were observed when intercropping with soybean at 4:4 pattern, while the lowest value was observed in maize + sorghum intercrop at 2:4 pattern. The data of aggressivity showed that maize was the dominant (Ag positive) and the intercropped crops were<br />dominated (Ag negative).</span>https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_103_7914b62caf2e67c3a6bb8644e4a87ce8.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Enhancement of Groundnut Productivity by Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium and Rizobacteria under Different Levels of Compost in Sandy Soils26728110410.21608/agro.2012.104ENJournal Article20121129WO FIELD experiments were conducted at the Agricultural …...Research Farm of the Higher Institute for Agriculture Co-operation during the two successive seasons of 2008 and 2009. These experiments aimed to study the effect of inoculation with <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> spp. either alone or in combination with (<em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em>) on yield and some yield components under different levels of compost using drip irrigation system. <br />Results showed that plants inoculated with <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> spp. only or in combination with rhizobacteria exhibited significant increases in pod yield and some yield components as compared with the uninoculated plants. <br />The response of groundnut, yield and yield components to elevating the organic fertilizer rate was positively significant, higher rate of compost 15-ton/fed (1hectare= 2.4 feddan) showed higher values of all tested traits in both seasons. <br />Spraying groundnut plants with humex increased significantly all tested traits compared with those without humex in both seasons. <br />The effect of the first and second orders interactions on yield and yield components were significant.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_104_1f1a950cfe76db6cb1074fdbd897617f.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Relay Intercropping of Cotton with Wheat under Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels28329910510.21608/agro.2012.105ENJournal Article20121209HE CURRENT study was conducted at Sers El-Lian Research Station, Minufiya Governorate, Egypt, during 2009/10 and 2010/11 years to investigate the effect of three cropping patterns of relay cotton (Var. Giza 85) on wheat (Var. Sakha 93) as well as monoculture regarding growth, yield and its attributes . The study also targeted examination of five nitrogen levels and source. Competitive relationship parameters and economical input/ output variables for the entire<br />field railing were justified too. The three tested intercropping patterns showed diverse traits between the two years of study (P 0.05) associated with interaction years and patterns main effect of the 90cm- traces pattern (P<sub>2</sub>) recorded significantly greater yields of both wheat and cotton traits than the other two cropping patterns . Effects of nitrogen levels showed insignificance difference between the treatment 70 kg mineral N + 500g cerialein, compared to<br />the recommended dose of 75 kg mineral nitrogen. Interaction between planting patterns and nitrogen levels concluded exploiting P<sub>2</sub>pattern and the treatment 70kg mineral N+500g cerialein. Land equivalent ratio(LER),relative crowding coefficient (RCC) and estimates averaged over cropping patterns and N-fertilizer treatments showed increasing the efficiency of land use by 76% and 82% in the first and second year, respectively. Moreover, the most benefit realized was associated with post plantation cotton intercropped with wheat expressed as monetary advantage index (MAI) of (5446.8<br />and 5537.7 LE) in the first and second season ,respectively. The total income was the highest when relay intercropping cotton were grown with cotton at 90 cm traces pattern P<sub>2</sub> and using 75 kg mineral N/fed in both seasons, respectively . It could be concluded that relay intercropping of cotton with wheat as intensive cropping system is recommended to increase the productivity of the unit area.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_105_0c1df7875855d09786084127592393ea.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Agronomy0379-357534220121231Integrated Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) Control in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) with Nitrogen Fertilizer, Intercropping and Herbicides30131910610.21608/agro.2012.106ENJournal Article20121226TWO FIELD experiments were carried out at the farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafrelshiekh, Egypt, during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 faba bean growing seasons (Latitude 30º 48ˋ N, Longitude 31º 35ˋE). The trials studied integrated broomrape (<em>Orobanche crenata</em> Forsk.) control in faba bean cv. Giza 843 with nitrogen fertilizer, intercropping faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.) with oat (<em>Avena sativa</em> L.) or fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum</em> L.) and herbicides. Herbicide treatments were: 1- Untreated, 2- Glyphosate (48% WSC) at 36 g a.i./fed., (fed = feddan= 0.42 hectare),(once)., 3- Glyphosate (48% WSC) at 36 g a.i./fed. (twice)., 4- Imazapic (10 % EC) at 20 g a.i./fed. (once), 5- Imazapic (10 % EC) at 20 g a.i./fed. (twice). Sub-plots were assigned to faba bean (sole crop), intercropping (faba+ oats), (faba+ fenugreek) and nitrogen fertilizer with ammonium nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>).
The two broomrape control herbicides substantially suppressed number and dry weight of broomrape spikes / m<sup>2</sup> compared with untreated in both seasons. Foliar spray of Imazapic and Glyphosate twice on faba bean recorded a less number and dry weight of broomrape spikes / m<sup>2</sup> than its spray one time. Spikes number and dry weight of broomrape parasite weed/m<sup>2</sup> were significantly decrease in faba bean intercropped with fenugreek and oat or fertilized with nitrogen compared with sole faba bean in both seasons. Intercropping faba bean with fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum</em> L.) recorded the lowest number and dry weight of broomrape spikes/m<sup>2 </sup>followed by application of N fertilizer then oat in the two seasons. Foliar spray of Imazapic twice on faba bean intercropped with fenugreek recorded a less number and dry weight of broomrape spikes/m<sup>2</sup>. There were no significant differences in spikes number and dry weight of broomrape weed/m<sup>2</sup> among application of fenugreek and oat or NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> with spraying Imazapic or Glyphosate twice in both seasons. The greatest reduction in number (>82%) and dry weight (> 90%) of broomrape spikes/m<sup>2</sup> were obtained by application of fenugreek along with Imazapic herbicides twice in both seasons.
Repeating foliar spray with either Imazapic or Glyphosate on faba bean plants resulted in a significant decrease in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll) content in leaves compared with untreated treatment in both seasons. All photosynthetic pigments contents were significantly greater in leaves of faba bean fertilized by N fertilizer than in those of sole faba bean plants without N fertilizer or intercropped with fenugreek or oat in both seasons. Foliar spraying of the two herbicides once or twice on faba bean significantly increased plant height, number of branches and pods/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield/plant, seed and biological yields/fed. of faba bean compared with untreated treatment in both seasons. Faba bean plants sprayed twice with of Imazapic herbicide significantly exceeded those sprayed once with Imazapic or Glyphosate herbicides in seed and biological yields as well as its attributes in both seasons. Faba been intercropped with fenugreek or fertilized with NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> produced significantly taller plants and greater seed and biological yields as well as its attributes than did sole faba bean without N fertilizer in both seasons. The combination of Imazapic herbicide twice and fenugreek recorded the highest seed yield, while sole faba bean plants without N fertilizer and untreated produced the lowest one in both seasons. It can be concluded that foliar spraying with Imazapic or Glyphosate twice on faba bean intercropped or fertilized with NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> could be recommended for optimum broomrape parasitic weed control and highest seed yield at Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt.https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_106_ebeddd1252184d142f48f5126cd55fca.pdf