@article { author = {Attaya, Ahmed and El-sarag, Eman}, title = {Regulation of Organogenesis via PGRs and LEDs Light Technology for Jatropha curcas L. Plants}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.419.1043}, abstract = {Because of the increased interest in the potential of Jatropha as a biofuel plant, more attention is given to methods that allow the mass production of elite material. A simple and efficient protocol has been developed for high frequency regeneration using nodal explants of Madagascar and Ecuador Jatropha curcas lines. The optimum shoot growth with high number and without callus formation was observed using MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA in both lines within a period of 30-40 days which shows 3.8 and 3.4 shoot buds in Madagascar and Ecuador lines, respectively. Healthy elongated shoots were harvested and cultured on ½ strength MS basal salts without vitamins medium containing different concentrations of IBA individual or in combination with IAA or 2,4-D. Moreover, the optimum rooting medium with good root formation (46.6 and 40%) in both Jatropha lines and (3.0 – 2.4) roots per shoot containing half-strength MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA. In the present study, different light sources like cool white fluorescent, warm white fluorescent and different high- brightness LEDs (red – blue – white) were used to monitor the root initiation of in vitro Jatropha shoots. Red LED light provided the most favorable growth conditions inducing a rooting response in 66.6% of the shoots in Madagascar Jatropha and 56.5% in Ecuador Jatropha which produced on average 4.2 and 3.5 roots per shoot, respectively in both lines. Thus, white LED light was more effective on root elongation than all studied light treatments that recorded (5.6 and 4.4 cm) root length in both lines. Therefore, well developed healthy in vitro rooted plantlets after 6 weeks were successfully acclimatized and the survival rate of in vitro propagated plantlets after transplanting was 40-60% and they grew as normal plants in the greenhouse.}, keywords = {Jatropha curcas,Organogenesis,Plant growth regulators (PGRs), in vitro Rooting,Light-Emitting-Diodes (LEDs)}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_1658.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_1658_57e6a42a1a67e4d0c727d6bcfd91786b.pdf} } @article { author = {Hefny, Yaser and Safina, Sayed and Hefny, Yaser}, title = {Evaluation of Intercropping Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) with Maize under Different Plant Densities in Sandy Soils}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {9-18}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.486.1050}, abstract = {Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field to maximize total production per unit area. Intercropping is traditional practice in small holders especially at developing countries. The reason for this popularity is built on high profit and maximizing agriculture resources. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of intercropping maize with different plant densities on yield and yield components of groundnut to increase the productivity of groundnut under sandy soils. Two field trials were carried out at the experimental and research station at Ismailia (ARC) during 20013 and 20014 summer seasons. Maize variety SC168 and groundnut C.V. Giza.6 were used at the two seasons. The experimental design was a split plot design with three replicates; the main plots were assigned to three maize treatments (harvesting maize for grains, defoliation maize plants at 85 days from sowing maize and harvesting maize for silage). Three maize plant densities were distributed in sub plots by 2, 3 and 4 plants/hill at distance of 70 cm apart. Groundnut plants were sown in both sides of ridges (120 cm ridge width) by growing two plants per hill distanced at 20 cm apart under intercropping and solid2 (as intercropping) , in addition to recommended solid planting (solid1). Results could be summarized as follows: maize treatments, plant densities of maize and their interactions significantly affected groundnut characters. Removal maize plants for silage at 85 days or defoliation maize plants (at 104 days) increased light interception on groundnut plants which had a positive impact on the pod and seed yield of groundnut. Groundnut under intercropping with two maize plants per hill (50% of recommended density of maize) had the highest weight of seed per plant (13.18 and 12.78 g) and yield of pods per fed (12.02 and 11.63 ardab) at 2013 and 2014 season, but four maize plants per hill (100% of recommended density of maize) caused significant reduction of seed yields per plant and pod yield per fed. According to this investigation, to gain high productivity of groundnut (13.90 and 12.90 ardab/fed, at 2013 and 2014 season), remove maize plants as silage (at 85 days) and / or growing two maize plants per hill (50%) under intercropping in sandy soil. )ardab = 75 kg pods).}, keywords = {Groundnut,Intercropping,solid,maize treatments}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_2727.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_2727_7c5723c6127ae5b083d375c540715926.pdf} } @article { author = {Abo-Marzoka, ElSayed and El-Mantawy, Rania and Soltan, Eman}, title = {Response of Maize to Mineral Nitrogen and Bio- Fertilization}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {19-26}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.427.1046}, abstract = {Two field experiments were carried out during the summer seasons 2013and 2014at Experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station to study the physiological attributes, yield and yield components of maize as affected by bio and mineral nitrogen fertilizers. The applied experiment was designed as complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. The experiment included 10treatments:- 1- 60 kg N fed-1.+Cerealin(C). 2- 60 kg N fed-1. +Microbien (M). 3- 60 kg N fed-1.+Rizobacterien(R).4- 80 kg N fed-1. +Cerealin (C). 5- 80 kg N fed-1. +Microbien (M).6- 80 kg N fed-1.+ Rizobacterien (R). 7- 80 kg N fed-1.+ Cerealin (C). 8- 100 kg N fed-1.+ Microbien(M). 9-100 kg N fed-1.+ Rizobacterien(R). 10-120 kg N fed-1. Grain maize (hybrid S.C.128 ) were sown in 14 and 16 July in both seasons. The results revealed that, application of 100 kg N+ biofertilizers (Rizobacterien) caused a significant increase in most studied characteristics in both seasons. This will greatly benefit for farmers in area where supply of nitrogen fertilizer is low and cases where farmers cannot afford the cost of high fertilizer input reduced the use a of chemical fertilizer and reduced the harmful effect on human health.}, keywords = {Maize,N fertilizer,bio-fertilization,Growth,yield}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_2729.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_2729_f436ecc103f4ad124d0feb4cb8a43ef3.pdf} } @article { author = {Awadalla, Ahmed and Morsy, Ahmed Salah}, title = {Influence of Planting Dates and Nitrogen Fertilization on The Performance of Quinoa Genotypes under Toshka Conditions}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {27-40}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.440.1047}, abstract = {TWO FIELD experiments were conducted at South Valley Farm Research Station, Toshka Region, (ARC), Egypt during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of planting dates (1st Oct. and 1st Nov.) and four N-levels (i.e. 0.0, 50,100,150 kg N /fad) on growth, yield and its components of three quinoa genotypes, (i.e. Kvlsra-2, Regalona and Q-52). Split-split plot design with three replications was used. The results showed that, the effect of planting dates and also N-levels on all the studied traits was significant in both seasons. Increasing N-levels up to 150 kg N/fad significantly increased all traits, while the maximum nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) values were obtained when quinoa received only 50 kg N/fad in the two seasons. Regalona genotype recorded the highest values for all studied traits, while the Q-52 genotype gave the highest values for the nitrogen use efficiency in both seasons. On the other hand, the interaction between planting dates and N-levels had significant effect for all studied traits. However, the interaction between planting dates and genotypes was also significant for all characters except No of inflorescences/plant, weight of 1000 seeds and NUE in the 2014/2015 season, No of branches/plant, dry weight /plant, grain and biological yield in the 2015/2016 season. The interaction between N-levels and genotypes had significant effect on all characters, except No of branches/ plant and grain yield as well as the NUE in the both season. The interactions between planting dates, genotypes and N-levels was significant for the plant height and No of branches /plant in both seasons, dry weight/plant in the first season and weight of seeds/plant and biological yield in the second season. Ash content increased with increasing the N-level. Regalona genotype had the highest value of P, K, Ca and Fe from the obtained results, it could be concluded that planting at 1st Nov., Regalona genotype and treated with 150 kg N/fad had the highest values of seed yield, protein content for planting quinoa under Toshka condition. Results cleared a strong correlation between the yield and its components. Planting quinoa at 1st Nov. using Regalona genotype which fertilized by 150 kg N/fad resulted the highest values of economic evaluation.}, keywords = {planting date,Quinoa genotypes,Nitrogen fertilizer levels}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3229.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3229_6ad6fa60f5c22b19234dafff9f5d1e20.pdf} } @article { author = {Safina, Sayed and Mahmoud, Ragab}, title = {Broadleaf Weed Control with Some Recent Post-emergence Herbicides in Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {41-50}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.554.1054}, abstract = {BROADLEAF weeds cause severe competition with wheat crop in Egypt and its highly reduce yield. Two field experiments during two winter seasons were conducted in the Experimental Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza Governorate, Egypt during winter seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The aim of this work was to control broadleaf weeds in wheat and evaluate of 17 broadleaf weed herbicides in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) CV. Gemeza- 11.Weed control treatments were hand pulling and applying 17 experimental post-emergence herbicides, were applied bromoxynil-octaneoate 24%, DICAMBA 48%, Tribenuron-Methyl 16 % + Carfentrazone-Ethyl 12%, MCPA-sodium 20%+Bromixanil 20%, Florasulam 0.25%+ Mesosulfuron-Methyl 0.75%, MCPA-sodium 36%+ Florasulam 1% , Florasulam 05%+ Clodinafop-propagyl 6.5%, Tribenuron-Methyl 2.7%+ Fluroxypyr 13.7%, Tribenuron-Methyl 5%+ Clodinafop-propagyl 10%, bromoxynil-octanoate 25%, Triasulfuron 4.1% + Dicamba 65.9 %, Tribenuron-Methyl 8%+ Fenoxaprop-p-Ethyl45%+ Thifensulfuron-Methyl 12%, Bromoxynil octaneoate, Florasulam 1.42%+ Pyroxsulam 7.08%,Florasulam 1.42%+ Pyroxsulam 7.08%+ Ecosurf, Tribenuron-Methyl and Fluroxypyr 10% + Florasulam .025% + Clopyralid 8%. Application of herbicides was after 25 days from sowing date in both seasons, and hand pulling twice after 25 and 45 days. Presented data showed that all weed control treatments (herbicides and hand weeding twice) reduced broadleaved weed density and weight. These treatments, increased wheat yield and yield components significantly compared to weedy check, except Florasulam 1.42%+ Pyroxsulam 7.08%, which recorded reduction in wheat yield. Triasulfuron 4.1% + Dicamba 65.9 %, gave the highest number of grains/ spikelet and spike per plant and straw yield t/ ha , and the best treatment in grain yield was Tribenuron-Methyl 2.7%+ Fluroxypyr 13.7% herbicide compared with weedy check.}, keywords = {Wheat,Triticum aestivum ,Weed management,Post emergence herbicides,yield}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_1657.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_1657_b20298b5e441780c1f1310bbe7f03c1f.pdf} } @article { author = {Sayed, Mohamed and Elsadek, Ashraf and Bakry, Bakry and Ali, Mohamed and Leon, Jens and Salem, Emad}, title = {QTL analysis in Barley Across Environments in Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {53-70}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.525.1052}, abstract = {BARLEY is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide. An advanced backcross doubled haploid mapping population was grown in four locations across Egypt (Assuit, Al Wady Al Asuity, Matrouh and Nubaria). The population included 301 BC2DH lines derived from crossing between a German elite cultivar of H. vulgare ssp. vulgare ‘Scarlett’ with an exotic accession of H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum ‘ISR42-8’. A linkage map including 371 different types of genetic markers was used to perform QTL analysis. We detected 56 putative QTLs for traits of interest. In addition, the study identified four markers with marker main and marker × environment interaction effects. The exotic alleles of those four markers could be responsible for increasing their traits across environments. Furthermore, eight markers showed pleiotropic effect across locations. Some DH lines performed better than their parents and check varieties in each environment and across four environments as well. These results might be useful in MAS for barley breeding programs in Egypt.}, keywords = {Barley,Epistatic effect,Multiple environments,Pleiotropic effect,Quantitative trait loci}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3230.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3230_e68189b50e9dfbff31cf131d956996f2.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmed Elsobky, Elsayed and Z.A. El-Naggar, Nehal}, title = {Effect of Withholding Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Level on Maize Yield}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {71-82}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.453.1048}, abstract = {THIS INVESTIGATION was carried out in an demonstrated field at Al-Ibrahimia District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons. The study aimed to find out the effect of withholding one irrigation at five stages as growth and three levels of N fertilization on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and yield attributes. Withholding irrigation had significant effect on growth, yield and yield attributes of maize. Skipping the 3rd, 5th or 7th irrigations reflected a significant decrease in both ear diameter and length, grain number per row, 100-grain weight, grain weight per ear, maize yield per fad and harvest index. The increase of N level up to 120 kg N/ fad gave significant increase in grain yield and almost all yield attributes and grain quality properties except harvest index which was decreased. The interaction between irrigation treatments and N levels affected grain yield per fad and some of its attributes where more N was needed for the maize stressed plants due to irrigation withholding. The grain yield response to N level was diminishing where 86.67 kg N/ fad were needed to maximize the grain yield to 5.12 ton/ fad in normally irrigated plants.‎}, keywords = {Maize,Withholding Irrigation,nitrogen,grain quality}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3272.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3272_58aa431ecdcfe67de1ca179151011de2.pdf} } @article { author = {Boghdady, Mohamed and Desoky, Elsayed and Azoz, Samah and Abdelaziz, Dalia}, title = {Effect of Selenium on Growth, Physiological Aspects and Productivity of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {83-97}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.662.1058}, abstract = {This work was conducted during the two successive winter seasons of 2014 / 2015 and 2015 / 2016 at the Agricultural Experiments and Researches Station (Ghazala Farm), Faculty of Agriculture , Zagazig University , Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of foliar spray with selenium at concentrations of 0, 2.5 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 ppm on growth, chemical composition , yield as well as anatomy of stem and leaves of faba bean cv. Giza 716. The experimental results showed that foliar application with 20 ppm selenium showed no effect on vegetative growth , yield components ,seed quality, photosynthetic pigments (chl a , chl b, total chl and carotenoids) concentration, carbohydrates fractions , minerals and crude protein percentage. Foliar application with 10 ppm selenium significant improvement effects on vegetative growth , yield, seed quality, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates fractions, minerals and crude protein percentage of faba bean cv. Giza 716. Foliar application with 10 ppm selenium induced favorable enhancement in anatomical feature of stem and leaves. Exogenous application of selenium also induced prominent increase in diameter of stem, thickness of cortex, number of cortical layers, average length and width of vascular bundle, average vessels number per vascular bundle and average diameter of vessel . Likewise, increased thickness of both midvein and lamina, increased thickness of mesophyll , size of midvein bundle, length and width of midvein bundle and vessel diameter were increased as a result of spraying selenium.}, keywords = {Faba bean,selenium,anatomy,Photosynthetic pigments,seed quality}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3321.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3321_e6c41d891b160d6c1526123924c41c2f.pdf} } @article { author = {Azab, Enas and Mahmoud, Soad and Abd elmageed, Amal and Bayoumi, Tarek}, title = {Influence of Gibberellic Acid on Beta vulgaris L. Plants under Drought Conditions}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {99-116}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.634.1057}, abstract = {THIS INVESTIGATION was carried to assess whether gibberellic acid could be improved suffering beet plants from water deficit under drought. two cultivars of Beta vulgaris L. (Farida and Sultan) and three concentrations of gibberellic acid (50-100-150 mg/l) were used to study their responses to three water regimes (100-75-50 % fc). The experiment was used to determine the tolerance indices, genetic parameters and anatomical and thermal images of various treatments for beet cultivars. The results showed an increase in mean values in studied traits like fresh and dry weight of root, sucrose, proline content, length of stoma and length of stoma pore related with increasing of gibberellic acid concentration up to 150mg/l. Tolerance indices like MP-TOL-YSI-GMP indicated that Farida cultivar was more drought tolerant than Sultan cultivar; and gave the highest yield under the three water regimes at 150 mg/l GA3. Moreover values of genetic parameters; PVC , GVC,GA and h2 showed increasing in number of studied traits of shoot and root can used it for selection in successive breeding program. Recent developments in imaging technology such as thermal imaging, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), chlorophyll picture (SPAD reading) and water stress indices were used to agreement particular opportunities to develop robust high-throughput phenotyping. The surface temperature of crop canopies decreases with increasing transpiration as a result of evaporative cooling, therefore, sugar beet cultivars which had high leaves thermal temperature might be drought tolerance. The results, also, indicated that temporal ground-based NDVI was most current for studying the quantitative drought by a significant effect.}, keywords = {stomata,proline,Infrared thermal images}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3363.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3363_6499659b09f508ae91bf2144c2148df2.pdf} } @article { author = {Attaya, Ahmed}, title = {An Efficient Protocol Of Stevia rebaudiana Regeneration For Large-Scale Production}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {117-125}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.426.1045}, abstract = {Stevia rebaudiana is considered a valuable natural sweetener and medicinal plant containing sweetener compounds in its leaves. Nowadays, plant drugs are frequently considered to be free from side effects and less toxic than the synthetic one, for that people and some pharmacological companies are heading to the herbal medicine. Thus, to meet the increased demand for raw material of this medicinal herb, I described in this study an efficient regeneration protocol using shoot tip and nodal explants and different PGRs on MS medium for healthy biomass production. The optimum shoot growth with a high number without callus formation was obtained using MS medium in the presence of 1.0 mgL-1 BA after 6 weeks which shows (4.06-4.46) shoot buds/explant after 6 weeks. The combination of 1.0 mg L-1 BA with 0.5 mg L-1 IBA was found to be best combination for shoot multiplication that recorded 6.66 shoots/explant with 4.46 cm shoot length. Healthy elongated shoots were harvested and then cultured on half strength MS basal salts medium without vitamins medium in the presence of different concentrations of IBA and NAA individual or in combination with IAA or 2,4-D. Moreover, the optimum root growth with high roots number (4.46) with (76.6 %) root formation was observed using 1.0 mg L-1 IBA on half strength MS medium. Therefore, well-developed healthy in vitro rooted plantlets after 6 weeks were successfully acclimatized and they grew as normal plants in the greenhouse.}, keywords = {Micro propagation,Plant growth regulators,Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), In vitro Rooting,IBA,IAA,BA}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3469.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3469_71a4b8a87bb04acc909a94fb21cbd370.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalaf, Ahmed and Sabet, Tawfik and Yassein, Ahmed}, title = {Genetic Statistical Model to Estimate Epistasis, Additive and Dominance Genetic Effects Using Advanced Populations}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Agronomy}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {127-135}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0379-3575}, eissn = {2357-0288}, doi = {10.21608/agro.2017.557.1055}, abstract = {Most investigations for estimating gene effects contributing to metric traits has been exclusively focused on means of earlier filial (¯F_1 and ¯F_2) and backcross populations (¯BC_11 and ¯BC_12). In this paper a novel approach is suggested using data generated from advanced filial (¯F_(3 ),¯F_(4 )….¯F_(n )) and backcross populations)¯( BC)_n1 and ¯( BC)_n2). The following set of equations is derived by algebraic solution of ¯P_1,¯P_2,¯F_3,¯F_4,¯BC_31 and ¯BC_32 means: Mean (M) = 1/98 (4 9 ( P) ̅_1+49 P ̅_2 - 64 (BC) ̅_31-64 (BC) ̅_32+ 128 F ̅_4 ), Additive effect (D) =□(□(□(1/(2 ))) ) (P ̅_1- P ̅_2 ), Dominance effect (H) =1/49 (384 (BC) ̅_31+384 (BC) ̅_32 -196 F ̅_3-294 ( P) ̅_1-294 P ̅_2+ 16F ̅_4 ), Three types of epistasis Additive x additive effect (I) = 32/49 ( (BC) ̅_31+ (BC) ̅_32-2 F ̅_4 ), Additive x dominance effect (J) = 1/7 (32 (BC) ̅_31-32 (BC) ̅_32-28 ( P) ̅_1+28 P ̅_2 ) and Dominance x dominance effect (L) =16/49 (98 F ̅_3-68F ̅_4+49 ( P) ̅_1+49 P ̅_2-64 (BC) ̅_31-64 (BC) ̅_32 ) The proposed equations have been proved mathematically via theoretical working example.}, keywords = {Advanced filial and backcross populations,Algebraic and Mathematical proof,gene effects}, url = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3470.html}, eprint = {https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_3470_06ba5ce37cd85bd49c346f90c6ae3aa2.pdf} }